Association between Baseline SBP/DBP and All-Cause Mortality in Residents of Shanxi,China: A Population-based Cohort Study from 2002 to 2015

Objective To investigate the association between blood pressure and all-cause mortality in Shanxi,China.Methods The‘2002 China Nutrition and Health Survey’baseline data in Shanxi province was used.A retrospective investigation was performed in 2015.The effects of SBP and DBP on the all-cause mortality were analyzed using the Cox regression model.The hazard ratio(HR)and 95%confidence interval(CI)were estimated by the sex and age groups.Results The follow-up rate was 76.52%over 13 years,while the cumulative mortality rate for all participants was 917.12/100,000 person-years.The mortality rose with an increasing SBP(χ_trend²=270.537,P<0.001)or DBP level(χ_trend²=57.240,P<0.001).After adjustment for the confounding factors,a significant association between mortality and high SBP(≥160 mm Hg)and high DBP(≥100 mm Hg),with adjusted HR ranging from 1.405-to 2.179-fold for SBP and 1.550-to 2.854-fold for DBP,was noted.Significant HRs for most DBP subgroups were found in>60-year-old participants.Males with DBP≥100 mm Hg had a significantly higher mortality,with an HR(95%CI)of 2.715(1.377–5.351).Conclusion Adults with SBP>160 mm Hg and DBP>100 mm Hg had a higher mortality risk.Sex and age difference was noted in both DBP and mortality risk.     

Combined Effect of Smoking and Obesity on Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in Male Veterans: A 30-year Cohort Study

Objective Evidence is lacking regarding the combined effects of smoking and obesity on mortality from coronary heart disease in male veterans.This study aimed to explore the combined effect of smoking and obesity on coronary heart disease mortality in male veterans in China.Methods A cohort of 1,268 male veterans from 22 veteran centers in Xi’an(Shaanxi Province,China)were followed up once every 2 years from February 1,1987 to October 30,2016.The endpoint was death from any cause.The hazard ratio(HR)of each risk factor and the 95%confidence interval(CI)were calculated using a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model.Results The total follow-up was 24394.21 person-years;each subject was followed up for a mean duration of 19.24 years.By the end of the study,of the 1,268 veterans,889 had died,363 were alive,and 16 were lost to follow-up.Cox regression analysis results revealed that current smoking(HR:1.552,95%CI:1.074–2.243),obesity(HR:1.625,95%CI:1.024–2.581),and the combined effect of the two factors(HR:2.828,95%CI:1.520–5.262)were associated with coronary heart disease mortality.Conclusion Our results suggest that obese veterans who smoke might be an important target population for coronary heart disease mortality control.     

Full-Length Genome Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 Directly from Clinical and Environmental Samples Based on the Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Method

The new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading worldwide with the number of confirmed cases increasing dramatically[1,2]. Coronaviruses have the largest genome among RNA viruses and have caused two major outbreaks[3,4]. The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is the third coronavirus spread globally in the past 17 years. According to the World Health Organization, SARS-CoV-2 has affected more than 155.6 millon patients in 222 countries as of 6 May 2021 and has become a major global health concern (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019).     

Induction of Lung Injury by Cooking Oil Fumes in Mice and the Protective Effects of Vitamin C

Cooking oil fumes (COF) are one of the most common air pollutants in indoor living environments in China. When oil is heated above 250 ℃, at least 220 types of products are produced in the lampblack, including carcinogenic heterocyclic amines and B[α]P[1]. These agents can lead to the occurrence and development of cancer[2]. Previous studies have reported that exposure of lung epithelial cells to COF increases lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress[3]. A meta-analysis has indicated that COF exposure, notably in the absence of a fume extractor, may increase the risk of lung cancer among Chinese nonsmoking women[4]. Previous experiments have also shown that COF-derived components induce oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in A549 cells and BEAS-2B cells, whereas this effect is prevented by vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine[5]. The antioxidant effects of vitamin C have been demonstrated in several in vitro models. The aim of the present study was to investigate the adverse effects of COF in lung tissues and the protective effects of vitamin C in mice after sub-acute exposure to different doses of COF, to provide chronic toxicity testing data and a basis for further mechanistic studies. Collectively, this information could be used as a reference for the prevention and treatment of lung injury caused by COF.     

Malnutrition in Relation with Dietary,Geographical, and Socioeconomic Factors among Older Chinese

Objective Nutrition is closely related to the health of the elderly population. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of the nutrition status of elderly Chinese and its related dietary, geographical, and socioeconomic factors. Methods A total of 13,987 ≥ 60-year-old persons from the 2010–2013 Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey were included to evaluate various aspects of malnutrition, including underweight, overweight or obesity, and micronutrient inadequacy. Results Overall, the prevalence of obesity, overweight, and underweight was 12.4％, 34.8％, and 5.7％, respectively, with disparities both geographically and socioeconomically. The prevalence of underweight was higher among the older old (≥ 75 years), rural residents and those with low income, with low education status, and residing in undeveloped West areas. More than 75％ of the elderly do not meet the Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamins A, B1, B2, and E, folate, calcium, selenium, potassium, biotin, and choline, with the prevalence of inadequate intake increasing with age for most nutrients. At the population level, the mean intakes of numerous food groups did not meet the recommendations by the Chinese Dietary Guideline. Conclusions Obesity epidemic, inadequacy of micronutrient intake, and high prevalence of underweight and anemia in susceptible older people are the major nutrition challenges for the rapidly aging population in China.     

Developing a Subjective Evaluation Scale for Assessing the Built Environments of China's Hygienic City Initiative

Objective To develop a preliminary subjective evaluation scale for assessing the built environments of China's Hygienic City Initiative and to evaluate its reliability and validity. Methods The initial items of the scale were determined based on a review of policy documents and consultations with experts. The final items of the scale were confirmed through individual interviews with residents combined with the discretetrend method, critical ratio method, correlation coefficient method, and factor analysis method. Then, the dimensions of the scale were determined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The Cronbach's α coefficient, split-half reliability coefficient, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to assess the reliability and validity of the scale. Results A scale containing five dimensions with 22 items was established, including urban lifestyle, governance, basic functions, environmental sanitation, and amenities. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.876, and the split-half reliability coefficient was 0.796. The CFA results indicate that each inspection level was within the standard limit. Conclusion The preliminarily subjective evaluation scale for assessing the built environments of China's Hygienic City Initiative demonstrates a high level of reliability and validity. Additional empirical studies should be carried out to further verify the value of the scale in terms of practical application.     

Comparative Study of the Genetic Diversity,Antimicrobial Resistance,and Pathogenicity of Aeromonas Isolates from Clinical Patients and Healthy Individuals

Objective This study was performed to compare the genetic diversity, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas strains isolated from patients and healthy individuals. Methods A total of 38 clinical strains and 19 strains from healthy individuals were isolated from the samples collected in Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province. Their taxonomy was investigated using concatenated gyrB-cpn60 sequences, and their resistance to 12 antibiotics was evaluated. The pathogenicity of these strains was examined through beta-hemolysis, protease activity, and virulence gene assays. Results The 57 Aeromonas strains were divided into 55 sequence types. Of these types, 21 were novel, suggesting that their genetic diversity was high. These Aeromonas isolates could be divided into 7 species, and the positive rates of beta-hemolysis and protease activity were 49.1％ and 73.7％, respectively. The detection rate of clinical patients in terms of beta-hemolysis and protease activity was higher than that of healthy individuals. Among the four most common Aeromonas strains, A. dhakensis had the highest detection rate of virulence genes. The multidrug resistance rate of the clinical isolates was much higher than that of the strains isolated from healthy individuals. Conclusions The taxonomy, virulence properties, and antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas isolates from patients differ from those of the isolates from healthy individuals.     

胰腺内异位副脾误诊2例报告

1 病例资料 病例1,男,31岁,因"体检发现胰腺尾部占位2周"于2019年5月15日入院.患者于外院查增强MRI提示胰体尾富血供占位,考虑神经内分泌肿瘤(neuroendocrine neoplasm,NEN)可能,遂来我院就诊.患者无腹痛、腹胀、恶心、呕吐、发热、体重减轻等表现.腹部体格检查未见阳性体征.查肿瘤指标癌胚抗原、CA19-9均未见异常.CT检查示胰腺走行自然,胰体尾部见直径约1.7 cm的等高密度结节,增强后强化程度始终高于胰腺实质,与脾脏实质强化相仿,胰管未见扩展,胰周脂肪清晰,考虑NEN可能(图1).术前诊断为胰腺NEN.于2019年5月16日行机器人辅助胰体尾脾切除术.术中超声刀离断胃结肠韧带,充分显露胰腺后见肿物位于胰体尾部,直径约2 cm,与周围组织轻度粘连,切割闭合器离断胰腺后完整切除胰体尾部及脾脏.术后大体病理见胰体尾切除标本大小约6 cm×6 cm×2 cm,胰体尾部见一灰褐色结节,大小约2 cm×1.5 cm×1.3 cm,质地柔软,与周围组织分界清楚;另于脂肪组织内可见副脾1枚,直径约1.2 cm.术后病理诊断为(胰体尾及脂肪内结节)异位脾脏.术后予常规抗炎、补液治疗,患者恢复良好,于2019年5月21日出院.术后6个月时复查CT示胰体尾部脾脏切除术后,余未见异常.